| References to the male gender in the rules with respect to referees, team members, officials, etc. are for simplification and apply to both males and females. |
1. League Overview
1.1. Committees
The Small Size League (like every other league of the RoboCup) is run by close cooperation of three different committees (executive committee, technical committee and organizing committee), all with a different set of responsibilities. The members of the respective committees can be found on the official RoboCup Small Size League website (https://ssl.robocup.org).
| In practice, there is no strict separation between the technical and the organizing committee. Members of both committees often work together on the joint set of tasks. |
Additionally, the members of the local organizing committee organize the RoboCup event for all leagues.
1.1.1. Executive Committee
Executive committee members are responsible for the long term goals of the Small Size League and thus have also contact to other leagues as well as to the RoboCup federation. The executive committee presents the Small Size League and its achievements to the RoboCup federation every year and gets feedback to organize the league. Executive committee members are elected by the board of trustees of the RoboCup federation. They serve 3-year terms.
1.1.2. Technical Committee
The technical committee of the Small Size League is responsible for the technical aspects of the RoboCup, such as maintaining the rules and the shared software. All members are elected by the team leaders of the teams which have participated in the previous competition.
1.1.3. Organizing Committee
The organizing committee of the Small Size League is responsible for preparing and organizing the competition. This mainly includes making the schedule, performing the qualification process, and running the competition. The committee members are selected by the executive committee of the league and the RoboCup trustees.
1.1.4. Local Organizing Committee
The local organizing committee is responsible for planning and executing the event itself in accordance with the needs of the different leagues. This includes setting up the team areas (fields, network, tables, whiteboard, screens, etc.), creating a schedule for the event and implementing a safety and security concept.
1.2. Divisions
The Small Size League is divided into two divisions with separate tournaments, namely division A and division B. Division A is aimed at advanced teams whereas new and/or less competitive teams can play in division B. Each team will only play in one of those two divisions.
When submitting the qualification material, the team also chooses a preferred division including a short rationale. The members of the organizing committee will have the final word. Information about the qualification process can be found on the official RoboCup Small Size League website (https://ssl.robocup.org).
A summary of differences between the two divisions can be found in the Appendix.
| Divisions allow for more radical advancements in the Small Size League without drastically raising the entry barrier for new teams. Additionally, they also considerably increase the amount of matches between teams of similar skill. |
2. Playing Environment
2.1. Field Setup
2.1.1. Dimensions
The field of play must be rectangular and of the following size:
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Division A: 13.4 meters times 10.4 meters with a playing area of 12 meters times 9 meters
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Division B: 10.4 meters times 7.4 meters with a playing area of 9 meters times 6 meters
The exact field dimensions and the field markings at the venue may vary by up to ±10% in each linear dimension.
The two figures below show the dimensions of the field, the goals and special field areas, measured in millimeters. Figure 1 shows the dimensions for division A and figure 2 for division B.
| The numbers in the figures below show the distances in millimeters. |
2.1.2. Field Surface
The playing surface is green felt mat or carpet. The floor under the carpet is level, flat, and hard.
The field surface will continue for 0.7 meters beyond the field lines on all sides. The outer 0.4 meters of this runoff area, separated from the robot area by a 0.1 meters tall wall, is used as a designated walking area for the referee and the assistant referee. The remaining 0.3 meters are the field margins.
2.1.3. Field Markings
The field of play is marked with lines. All lines are 0.01 meters wide and white (paint, spray, white carpet or strong tape). Lines belong to the areas of which they are boundaries.
Field Lines
The playing area is defined by four field lines. The two longer field lines are called touch lines. The two shorter field lines are called goal lines.
Additional Lines
The field of play is divided into two halves by a halfway line that runs along the width of the field and through the center of the field. The halfway line is parallel to the goal lines.
A mid-line runs along the length of the field, passing through the center of the field. The mid-line is parallel to the touch lines. This line is used to provide adequate features for the geometry calibration of the vision software.
Center Circle
The center mark is indicated at the midpoint of the halfway line. A circle with a diameter of 1 meter is marked around it for both divisions.
Defense Area
Penalty Mark
For each field half the penalty mark is on the mid-line (not halfway line), 8 meters (division A) or 6 meters (division B) away from the opponent goal center.
2.1.4. Goals
Goals must be placed on the center of each goal line and anchored securely to the field surface. They consist of two 0.16 meters high vertical side walls joined at the back by a 0.16 meters high vertical rear wall. The inner face of the goal has to be covered with an energy absorbing material such as foam to help absorb ball impacts and lessen the speed of deflections. The goal walls, edges, and tops are white in color.
The distance between the side walls is 1.8 meters for division A and 1 meter for division B, and the goal is 0.18 meters deep. The goal walls are 0.02 meters thick and touch the goal line, but do not overlap or encroach on the field lines or the field. Figure 3 and figure 4 show these details for division A and division B respectively.
| The numbers in the figures below show the distances in millimeters. |
2.2. Ball
The ball is a standard orange golf ball. It weights approximately 0.046 kilograms and its diameter measures 0.043 meters.
For official matches, the organizing committee provides the ball.
2.3. Shared Software
The shared software used in the Small Size League is maintained by the technical committee, though everyone is encouraged to contribute. The technical committee members however guarantee that any changes made less than three months before the next RoboCup do not break compatibility.
2.3.1. Vision
Each field is provided with a shared central vision server and a set of shared cameras. This shared vision equipment uses the community-maintained SSL-Vision software (https://github.com/RoboCup-SSL/ssl-vision) to provide localization data to teams via Ethernet in a packet format that is to be announced by the shared vision system developers before the competition. Teams need to ensure that their systems are compatible with the shared vision system output and that their systems are able to handle the typical properties of real-world sensory data as provided by the shared vision system (including noise, latency, or occasional failed detections and misclassifications). The vision patterns on the top of the robots must adhere to the specifications of SSL-Vision, and must be of the standard color paper as specified in the SSL-Vision documentation.
Besides the shared vision equipment, teams are not allowed to mount their own cameras or other external sensors, unless specifically announced or permitted by the respective competition organizers.
2.3.2. Game Controller
A game is controlled by the community-maintained ssl-game-controller (https://github.com/RoboCup-SSL/ssl-game-controller). It is operated by the game controller operator. The software translates decisions of the referee and the automatic referee into Ethernet communication signals that are broadcast to the network. It maintains the state of the game, tracks all events and acts as a proxy between all participating parties in the game.
The game-controller game controller has a network interface for the playing teams. They can automatically change their keeper id and they can signal a robot substitution intent for the next opportunity.
2.3.3. Automatic Referee
One or more automatic referee applications can supervise a game and report offenses to the game controller. At least one automatic referee is required per game. If more than one automatic referee is connected to the game controller, a majority vote can be applied.
New automatic referee implementations can be provided, given that the source code is open-sourced. New implementations must be announced at least three months before the competition. The technical committee decides if an implementation will be used or not.
The Game Event Table shows which game events an automatic referee implementation must be able to detect. Individual game events can be disabled completely or in some automatic referee implementations if both teams and the technical committee agree.
Existing implementations can be found on Github: https://github.com/RoboCup-SSL/ssl-autorefs.
2.4. Communication Flags
The communication flags are used to avoid gesturing and yelling with the referee during a match. These flags are responsible for communicating various intents, such as: timeouts, emergency stops, manual robot substitution and challenges.
The referee or game controller operator has to acknowledge the communication flag. Any gesturing and yelling will be considered unsporting behavior, punished by a red card after the first warning.
The communication flags are provided by the organizers of the competition. A remote control software or device can be provided and replace physical flags. Any other solution that the organizers find feasible can also be used.
3. Robots
3.1. Number Of Robots
A match is played by two teams, with each team consisting of not more than 11 robots in division A and not more than 6 robots in division B, one of which may be the keeper. Each robot must be clearly numbered according to its vision pattern so that the referee can identify it during the match. The id of the keeper must be chosen before the match starts (see Choosing Keeper Id).
3.2. Hardware And Software Constraints
The referee may force a team to remove a robot from the field if it does not satisfy the rules. Members of the technical committee may also check the hardware and software constraints of robots at any point of the tournament.
If a team is not able to provide at least one robot that satisfies the rules, the team is forced to forfeit.
3.2.1. Safety
A robot must not pose danger to itself, another robot, or humans. It must not damage or modify the ball or the field.
The referee has to force a team to remove a robot from the field if he considers it a potential safety threat.
3.2.2. Shape
A robot must fit inside a 0.18 meters wide and 0.15 meters high cylinder at any point in time. Additionally, the top of the robot must adhere to the standard pattern size and surface constraints.
3.2.3. Dribbling Device
Dribbling devices that actively exert spin on the ball, which keep the ball in contact with the robot are permitted under certain conditions:
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The dribbling device must not elevate the ball from the ground
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Another robot must be able to remove the ball from a robot with the ball.
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A robot must not take full control of the ball by removing all of its degrees of freedom.
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80% of the area of the ball when viewed from above has to be outside the convex hull around the robot. This limitation applies as well to all kicking devices, even if such infringement is momentary.
3.2.4. Vision Pattern
All participating teams must adhere to the given operating requirements of the shared vision system. In particular, teams are required to use a certain set of standardized colors and patterns on top of their robots.
To ensure compatibility with the standardized patterns for the shared vision system, all teams must ensure that all robots have a flat surface with sufficient space available on the top side. The color of the robot top must be black or dark grey and have a matte (non-shiny) finish to reduce glare. The standard vision pattern is guaranteed to fit within a circle with a radius of 0.085 meters that is linearly cut off on the front side of the robot to a distance of 0.055 meters from the centre, as shown in figure 5. Teams must ensure that their robot tops fully enclose this area.
Every robot must have one of the 16 patterns shown in figure 6. No two robots are allowed to use the same pattern.
The center dot color determines the team and is either blue or yellow (see Choosing Team Colors). The other four dot colors encode the id of the robot. To ensure that every team uses the same colors, the organizing committee provides enough colored paper at the competition.
| Teams are encouraged to prefer color assignments with ids 0 to 7 because they have been experimentally found more stable, as there is no risk that the back two dots “color-bleed” into each other. |
3.2.5. Radio Communication
Participants using wireless communications must notify the organizing committee of the method of wireless communication, power, and frequency. The organizing committee must be notified of any change after registration as soon as possible. In order to avoid interference, a team must be able to select from two carrier frequencies before the match. The type of wireless communication has to follow legal regulations of the country where the competition is held. Compliance with local laws is the responsibility of the competing teams, not the RoboCup Federation.
The type of wireless communication may also be restricted by the local organizing committee. The local organizing committee will announce any restrictions to the community as early as possible.
| Bluetooth is not allowed since it cannot be fixed to frequency channels. |
3.2.6. Autonomy
The robotic equipment has to be fully autonomous. Human operators are not permitted to enter any information to the system during a match, except in breaks or during a timeout. Disregarding this rule is considered unsporting behavior.
4. Game Structure
4.1. Impartial Roles
To play an official match in the Small Size League, four impartial roles must be filled:
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the referee
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the vision expert
Usually, these roles are filled by two non-playing teams, with one team providing the referee and the game controller operator and the other team providing the assistant referee and the vision expert. The assignment of the roles is up to the organizing committee.
Every participating team is required to be able to provide enough people who are familiar with these roles.
4.1.1. Referee
Each match is controlled by the referee. He has full authority to enforce the rules of the Small Size League in connection with the match to which he has been appointed. The referee is encouraged to use the designated walking area next to the field (see Field Setup).
The referee is assisted by the automatic referee software. The human referee is allowed to override any decision made by the automatic referee software.
The decisions of the referee regarding facts connected with play are final. The referee may only change a decision on realizing that it is incorrect or, at his discretion, on the advice of an assistant referee, provided that he has not restarted play.
The referee is not held liable for any kind of injury suffered by an official or spectator, any damage to property of any kind nor any other loss suffered by an individual, club, company, association, or other body.
The robot handler is the only team member that may talk to the referee.
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The referee ensures a safe match for all humans and robots
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The referee ensures a fair match according to the rules of the Small Size League
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The referee ensures that there is no interference by unauthorized persons or team members
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The referee or assistant referee places the ball for kick-offs and penalties (division A) or after every stoppage (division B). Subsequently, the referee resumes the match
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The referee ensures that the game is started and resumed in time
4.1.2. Assistant Referee
The assistant referee supports the referee wherever he can. He is encouraged to use the designated walking area next to the field, opposite the referee.
No team members are allowed to talk to the assistant referee.
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The assistant referee indicates when misconduct or any other incident has occurred out of the view of the referee
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The assistant referee discusses unclear situations with the referee
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The referee or assistant referee places the ball for kick-offs and penalties (division A) or after every stoppage (division B)
4.1.3. Game Controller Operator
During a match, the game controller operator uses the game controller software as an interface between the referee, the automatic referee and the team software.
No team members are allowed to talk to the game controller operator, except the robot handler for robot substitution intents.
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The game controller operator configures the game controller before the game begins
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The game controller operator enters the signals of the referee into the game controller
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The game controller operator watches the game event log for any events that need attention, like detections of an automatic referee or elapsed timers and notifies the referee
4.1.4. Vision Expert
During a match, the vision expert is in charge of the shared vision system on the field.
Team members are generally advised not to talk to the vision expert, unless they experience major vision problems.
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The vision expert checks the vision hardware and reports any kind of hardware problems to the technical committee
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The vision expert monitors the shared vision system during the match and reports any kind of problems to the referee instantly
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The vision expert recalibrates the vision system if the referee deems it necessary
4.2. Team-Specific Roles
4.2.1. Robot Handler
Before the start of the match, every team has to designate one robot handler. The robot handler represents the team during the match.
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The robot handler helps preparing the match.
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The robot handler asks the referee for timeouts if necessary.
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The robot handler can substitute a robot during game play.
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The robot handler asks the referee for the permission to substitute a robot in the next stoppage and, if the referee agrees, substitutes the robot.
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The robot handler voices concerns of the team (for example network issues or vision problems).
4.3. Match Preparation
All people that fill a role in the match (impartial or team-specific) have to be ready at least 10 minutes before the start of the match to allow the referee to make the following preparations:
4.3.1. Game Result Sheet
The referee obtains a game result sheet from the organizing committee. After the game, the referee fills in the final score, collects the required signatures and submits the sheet to the organizing committee.
| While obtaining the game result sheet, the referee can also take an official ball and referee equipment such as a whistle or red and yellow cards (if provided). |
4.3.2. Testing The Network
The referee ensures that both teams receive vision data and referee commands.
4.3.3. Choosing Team Colors
The referee asks the robot handlers of the teams about their preferred team color (either blue or yellow). If the teams agree on a color assignment, the colors will be used for the entire match.
However, if both teams prefer the same color, the referee assigns the colors by chance. In this case, the teams switch the colors after the first half of the match as well as after the first half of the overtime if applicable.
4.3.4. Choosing Side And Kick-Off
The referee tosses a coin with both robot handlers. The winning team chooses the goal it will attack in the first half of the match. The other team takes the kick-off to start the match.
4.3.5. Choosing Keeper Id
The referee asks both robot handlers which robot they will use as the keeper and forwards this information to the game controller operator.
The keeper id can be changed anytime during the game if the ball is either out of play or in the opponent’s field half by:
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Using the game controller network interface
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Asking the game controller operator to change it in the game controller. The game controller operator must not change the keeper id until the ball is at a valid position.
| Teams should only ask for a change once the requirements are met. The game controller operator is responsible for complying to the rules. |
| If a team does not want to use a keeper, it may select the id of a robot that is not on the field. |
4.4. Game Stages
4.4.1. Overview
An official match of the Small Size League consists of the following stages:
| Game Stage | Duration |
|---|---|
First Half |
300 seconds of playing time |
Half-Time Break |
300 seconds pause |
Second Half |
300 seconds of playing time |
If the match is an elimination match (draw is not a possible outcome) and the score is even after the regular game time, the match goes into overtime and the following game stages are added:
| Game Stage | Duration |
|---|---|
Pre-Overtime Break |
300 seconds of pause |
Overtime First Half |
150 seconds of playing time |
Overtime Half-Time Break |
120 seconds of pause |
Overtime Second Half |
150 seconds of playing time |
If the score is even after overtime has been played, the following stages are added:
| Game Stage | Duration |
|---|---|
Pre-Shoot-Out Break |
120 seconds of pause |
unlimited |
The match timer is paused whenever no team is allowed to manipulate the ball. This includes stop, halt and the preparation states of kick-off and penalty kick. Additionally, it is paused during ball placement.
| As a result, the time needed for a match is much greater than the playing time. |
4.4.2. Timeouts
The robot handler has to ask the referee for a timeout. Timeouts are handled like breaks, meaning that both teams are allowed to make modifications to their software and hardware (see Autonomy).
Each team is allocated 4 timeouts at the beginning of the match. A total of 300 seconds is allowed for all timeouts. Timeouts may only be taken during a game stoppage. The time is monitored and recorded by the game controller operator.
| For example, a team may take 3 timeouts of 60 seconds duration and thereafter have only one timeout of up to 120 seconds duration. |
During overtime, both teams can use 2 timeouts with a total time of 150 seconds. The number of timeouts and the time not used in regular game are not added.
No timeouts are possible in the shoot-out stage.
4.4.3. Early Termination At A Score Of 10
When a team manages to shoot 10 goals, the match is automatically terminated and the team with more goals is declared the winner, regardless of the current game stage.
5. Referee Commands
5.1. Stopping The Game
5.1.1. Stop
When the stop command is issued, all robots have to slow down to less than 1.5 m/s. Additionally, all robots have to keep at least 0.5 meters distance to the ball and are not allowed to manipulate the ball.
| If the ball moves very quickly, it is hard to always keep the required distance to the ball, especially since the speed of the robots is limited during stop. Therefore, it is sufficient if it is obvious to the referee that the robots try their best to follow the distance rule. |
The stop command is used to pause the game after the ball crossed the field lines (including goals) or an offense occurred as well as to prepare the start or resumption of the game after halt, timeouts and automatic ball placement. The robot speed limit and the minimum distance to the ball allow the referee or assistant referee to place the ball safely and without interference.
5.1.2. Halt
When the halt command is issued, no robot is allowed to move or manipulate the ball.
There is a grace period of 2 seconds for the robots to brake.
The halt command allows the referee to interrupt the game immediately whenever an emergency occurs (for example when a robot gets out of contol). It is also used to recalibrate the vision software during a game if the vision expert considers it necessary and the referee agrees and for robot substitution. Additionally, the referee is free to issue the halt command at will.
The halt command is always followed up by stop.
5.2. Ball Placement
After the game was stopped, the ball must be placed on the appropriate position, depending on the event that occurred. The automatic ball placement is the preferred way to place the ball at the designated position on the field by the robots of the teams without human interaction. If this is not possible, the referee places the ball manually.
No ball placement is required if all of the following constraints are fulfilled:
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The ball is closer than 1m to the designated position.
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The ball is inside the field.
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The ball is at least 0.7m away from any defense area.
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The ball is stationary.
In this case, the game can be continued as soon as all robots keep the required distance for stop.
A ball is considered placed successfully by the robots if
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no more than 30 seconds passed since the placement command
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there is no robot within 0.05 meters distance to the ball if the next command is a free kick for the placing team
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there is no robot within 0.5 meters distance to the ball if the next command is a force start
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the ball is stationary
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the ball is at a position within 0.15 meters radius from the requested position
No further commands will be issued by the game controller until the automatic placement is complete. The game will be continued by the game controller as soon as the ball is successfully placed, but not earlier than 2 seconds after the ball placement command has been issued. A failed placement will result in a free kick kick for the opposing team. If this team failed to place the ball as well, the ball is placed by the referee and game continues with the original command.
For each team a ball placement failure counter is incremented on each placement failure and decremented for successful placements. It can not get negative.
The non-placing team must not interfere the ball placement task.
When the ball goes out of play, the following rules decide, if automatic ball placement is applied:
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The referee has to place the ball for all kickoffs and all penalty kicks
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For a free kick, the team that brings the ball into play must place the ball
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For a force start, a team is drawn by chance and must place the ball
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The ball must be visible and must not be inside a field corner, a goal corner or behind the goal, before the ball placement starts
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The referee can decide to place the ball manually at any time
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The referee can decide to disable automatic ball placement for the rest of the game. TC/OC must agree with this decision
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When a teams placement failure counter reached 5, it is not allowed to place the ball for the rest of the game half. All free kicks that were a result of the ball leaving the field, are awarded to the opposing team. For all other rule violations or when both teams failed to place the ball, the ball is placed by the referee
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If no team can place the ball, the ball is placed by the referee or the assistant referee. Both the referee as well as the assistant referee are advised to use a so-called ball handler (a long, preferably black stick-like device) to move the ball.
| The ball may still be moving when the placement command is issued. |
| The game commences directly after ball placement. The team receiving the ball may shoot immediately and leave the opposing team little time to arrange defensive actions if needed. |
| It is allowed to enter the defense area during ball placement. |
Ball placement is mandatory for all teams in division A. Teams in division B may decide, at any time before or during the game, not to place the ball for the rest of the game by talking to the referee, who in turn tells the game controller operator to disable ball placement for this team. In this case, the team is allowed to bring the ball into play, after the ball was placed by the opposing team. If the opposing team fails to place the ball or no team can place the ball, it is placed by the referee or the assistant referee.
5.3. Resuming The Game
After the ball has been placed, the game is resumed using one of the following commands.
5.3.1. Normal Start
For two-staged referee commands, when normal start is sent, an attacker may manipulate the ball. A match cannot be resumed directly via normal start.
Normal start is used for kick-offs and penalty kicks.
5.3.2. Kick-Off
The ball has to be placed in the center of the field by the human referee.
When the kick-off command is issued, all robots have to move to their own half of the field excluding the center circle. However, one robot of the attacking team is also allowed to be inside the whole center circle. This robot will be referred to as the kicker. No robot is allowed to touch the ball.
When the normal start command is issued, the kicker is allowed to shoot the ball. A goal may be scored directly from the kick-off.
When the ball is in play, the kicker may not touch the ball until it has been touched by another robot or the game has been stopped (see double touch). Also, the restrictions regarding the robot positions are lifted.
Both half times as well as both overtime periods (if needed) start with a kick-off. Chapter Match Preparation describes how to determine the attacking team.
Additionally, after a goal has been scored, the receiving team restarts the game with a kick-off.
5.3.3. Free Kick
The ball placement position for a free kick depends on the event that led to the free kick. This position is valid if there is at least 0.2 meters distance to all field lines and 1 meter distance to either defense area. If an event requires the ball to be placed at a position that contravenes this rule, it has to be placed at the closest valid position instead.
When the free kick command is issued, robots of the attacking team are allowed to approach the ball while robots of the defending team still have to stay at least 0.5 meters distance away from the ball (the same distance as in stop). One robot of the attacking team is allowed to shoot the ball. This robot will be referred to as the kicker. A goal may be scored directly from the free kick.
When the ball is in play, the kicker may not touch the ball until it has been touched by another robot or the game has been stopped (see double touch). Also, the restrictions regarding the robot positions are lifted.
free Free kicks are used to restart the game after a foul has occurred. Additionally, goal kicks and corner kicks are mapped to free kicks.
5.3.4. Force Start
When the force start command is issued, the game is immediately resumed and both teams are allowed to approach and manipulate the ball again.
A neutral forced start is used in situations where no team is clearly in favor, such as:
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the game had to be stopped without a specific reason.
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both teams are at fault.
5.3.5. Penalty Kick
The procedure of a penalty kick is as follows:
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The ball is placed by the human referee on the penalty mark.
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When the penalty command is issuedissued:
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The defending keeper has to move to the goal line and keep touching itit.
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One attacking robot is allowed to approach the ball but not allowed to touch the ballball.
-
-
All Throughout the penalty kick procedure, all other robots have to be 1m behind the ball such that they do not interfere the penalty kick procedure at any time.procedure.
When the normal start command is issued, the attacker is allowed to manipulate the ball. The ball has to only move towards the opponent goal, as measured by its x coordinate in the coordinate system of SSL-Vision.
When the ball is in play, the defending keeper may move freely againagain.
If the ball is still in play after 10 seconds, the game is stopped and then continued by a goal kickstopped for the defending team..
A goal is awarded if:
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the ball touches the inner surface of a goal wall or the ground of the goal of the defending team, starting from when the normal start command is issuedissued.
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the defending team violates commits any rulefoul.
The game is continued with a kick-off when a goal is awarded.
A goal is not awarded if:
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the ball crosses any field lines outside the goalgoal.
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the defending keeper touches the ball such that the ball speed vector changes direction by at least 90 degrees in 2D spacespace.
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the attacking team violates any rulerule.
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the ball is still in play after 10 seconds.
The game is continued by a goal kick for the defending team when a goal is not awarded.
| The restrictions defined for scoring goals, including the ball height limit of 0.15 meters, do not apply here. Other rules like the excessive dribbling limitation for example do. |
Additional time is allowed for a penalty kick to be taken at the end of each half or at the end of periods of overtime.
Penalty Kicks are used to punish unsporting behavior and multiple defenders.
5.4. Ball In And Out Of Play
When the match is stopped, the ball is considered out of play until it has been brought into play.
When the match is resumed, the ball is considered in play until the next stoppage occurs. The match is resumed when
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force start has been issued.
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the ball moved at least 0.05 meters following a kick-off, free kick or penalty kick.
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10 seconds passed following a kick-off.
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5 seconds (Division A) or 10 seconds (Division B) passed following a free kick.
| see double touch for the rationale of the 0.05 meter distance |
5.5. Sanctions
5.5.1. Yellow Card
If the yellow card is shown as a result of unsporting behavior, the referee may decide to immediately halt the match. In this case, the match continues with a free kick for the other team.
Upon receipt of a yellow card, the number of robots allowed on the field for the penalized team decreases by one. If, after this decrease, the team has more robots than permitted on the field, a robot must be taken out.
A yellow card does not lead to a stop automatically. If the the ball is in play, the team will have 10 seconds to automatically remove the robot. If a robot is not taken out within time, the game is stopped for manual substitution.
| This rule implies that after receiving a yellow card, the game might not be automatically stopped. However, the game will be stopped if the foul that led to the yellow card causes a game stoppage, e.g. dropping parts. Therefore, if one of those fouls occurred, the team is allowed to manually remove the robot. |
| In 2020 no penalty will be given to the team that couldn’t get the robot out of the field in time. Thus, the game shall be restarted using a force start. However, in 2021, if the robot gets manually substituted, the ball is placed on the mid line and 1.5 meters away from the teams defense area and the opposing team gets a free kick. |
A team cannot score a goal while having more than the allowed number of robots on the field.
After 120 seconds of playing time (measured by the game controller), the yellow card expires and the number of allowed robots is increased by one. The team may put a robot back in during the next opportunity.
When a team has two not yet expired yellow cards and receives another yellow card, this card will be turned into a red card instead.
Yellow cards are used to punish teams that committed multiple fouls.
Yellow cards can also be given by the referee to punish fouls or unsporting behavior.
5.5.2. Red Card
A red card behaves like a yellow card, except: It does not expire until the end of the game.
Red cards are given by the referee to punish severe fouls or unsporting behavior.
| For example, serious violent contact by the robots or disrespectful behavior towards the referees can result in a red card. |
5.5.3. Forced Forfeit
A Forced forfeit means that a team instantly loses the current game with a score of 0 to 10.
A team can be forced to forfeit if it is unable to play with at least one robot that satisfies the rules.
A team can only be forced to forfeit in agreement with members of the technical committee and the organizing committee.
5.5.4. Disqualification
A Disqualification means that a team immediately drops out of the tournament and places last. It will not be eligible to receive any trophies.
A team can be disqualified if members of this team don’t follow safety guidelines, rules of the venue or commit similarly severe offenses.
A team can only be disqualified in agreement with members of the technical committee and the organizing committee.